Use of Darbepoetin and Epoetin in Non-Nephrology Patients – Adult/Pediatric – Inpatient/Ambulatory Clinical Practice Guideline Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................... 3 Scope ............................................................................................................. 7 Methodology ................................................................................................... 7 Definitions (optional): ...................................................................................... 8 Introduction.................................................................................................... 8 Recommendations........................................................................................... 9 UW Health Implementation............................................................................ 19 References ................................................................................................... 19 CPG Contact for Changes: Name: Philip Trapskin, PharmD, BCPS, Manager, DPP Phone Number: 608-263-1328 Email address: PTrapskin@uwhealth.org CPG Contact for Content: Name: Jason Bergsbaken, PharmD Phone Number: 608-265-0341 Email address: JBergsbaken@uwhealth.org Note: Active Table of Contents Click to follow link Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org Guideline Authors: Jason Bergsbaken, PharmD Coordinating Team Members: Monica Bogenschulz, PharmD Cindy Gaston, PharmD, BCPS Jennifer Nguyen, PharmD Meghann Voegeli, PharmD, MS Review Individuals/Bodies: Sharon Bartosh, MD Kenneth DeSantes, MD Scott Hagen, MD Mark Juckett, MD Walter Longo, MD Michael Lucey, MD Dan Mulkerin, MD Allison Redpath Mahon, MD Aaron Wightman, MD Eliot Williams, MD Committee Approvals/Dates: UW Health Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee: January 2005, January 2011, July 2015 Release Date: July 2015 Next review date: July 2018 Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org Executive Summary Guideline Overview Recommendations for the appropriate indications, dosage, administration and monitoring parameters for the use of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa in adult and pediatric non-nephrology patients in the ambulatory and inpatient setting Key Practice Recommendations General Recommendations 1. Darbepoetin is the least costly, generally best-reimbursed, and most cost- effective agent for anemia management (compared to conventional epoetin) and the preferred agent 2. Epoetin is significantly more costly and is generally not as well reimbursed as darbepoetin, and therefore should be restricted to use under the following circumstances listed in this guideline Adult Use 1. Darbepoetin Indications and Dosing a. Anemia due to chemotherapy in patients with non-myeloid malignancies (see Appendix A) i. Goal is to maintain a stable hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration; lowest dose necessary should be used to avoid transfusions1,2 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Targeted Hgb concentrations greater than 10 g/dL in oncology patients are not recommended1,2 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) iii. Recommended starting dose and schedule1 (Class I, Level of Evidence A): 1. Darbepoetin 2.25 mcg/kg subcutaneously every week until completion of chemotherapy course OR 2. Darbepoetin 500 mcg subcutaneously every three weeks until completion of chemotherapy course iv. Recommended dose adjustments are listed in Table 11 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) v. Supplemental IV or oral iron supplementation should be administered when serum ferritin is <30 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is < 20%; supplemental IV or oral iron supplementation should be considered when serum ferritin is 30-800 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is 20-50% 2 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) vi. For patients receiving chemotherapy, darbepoetin should be discontinued following completion of a chemotherapy course1-3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (see Appendix B) i. Use of darbepoetin should be considered in patients who meet requirements for initiation3-12 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org 1. Documented diagnosis of both low grade MDS and anemia 2. Low risk myelodysplasia with less than 5% blasts 3. Pretreatment erythropoietin levels ≤500 mU/mL 4. Hgb concentration < 10 g/dL ii. The starting dose of 150 to 300 mcg subcutaneously weekly is recommended3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) iii. Two months after initiating erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy, a therapeutic response defined as an increase in clinically significant Hgb levels or a decrease in transfusion requirements must be documented to continue ESA treatment c. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins i. Darbepoetin may be considered as some patients benefit from modest doses to support an increased rate of bone marrow RBC production13 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) d. Ribavirin-induced anemia i. Darbepoetin may be considered to avoid ribavirin dose adjustments that compromise antiviral activity, however no evidence exists ESAs improve sustained viral response14-16 (Class IIb, Class of Evidence C) 2. Epoetin Indications and Dosing a. Anemia due to chemotherapy in patients with non-myeloid malignancies i. Darbepoetin therapy is preferred due to cost17 (see General Recommendations) (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)3-12,18 i. Darbepoetin therapy is preferred due to cost19 (see General Recommendations) (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Anemia due to zidovudine in HIV-infected patients i. Therapy should be considered if measured endogenous serum erythropoietin levels ≤ 500 mUnits/mL and receiving zidovudine doses of 4,200 mg or less per week2,3,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. The starting dose of 100 units/kg subcutaneously three times weekly is recommended19(Class I, Level of Evidence A) d. Religious beliefs prohibiting blood transfusions25 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) i. Time to start of treatment, dosages, route of administration and treatment duration varied widely among case reports; thus if clinically indicated a standardized dosing regimen may be considered25 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C)25 3. Monitoring Parameters a. Iron Status i. Evaluate iron status in all patients before and during treatment and maintain iron repletion1,2,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org ii. Goals of therapy for ESAs should include serum ferritin ≥ 100 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is ≥ 20% saturation1 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Blood Pressure i. Blood pressure should be controlled prior to initiating ESA therapy and monitor periodically during therapy1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Hemoglobin i. Hgb should be monitored weekly until it has stabilized and maintenance dose has been established1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. After an adjustment in dose, Hgb should be monitored weekly for at least four weeks until stabilized; following stabilization Hgb may be monitored monthly1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 4. Warnings/Cautions a. ESAs increase the risk for death, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, thrombosis of vascular access and tumor progression or recurrence, particularly when administered to target a Hgb of >12 g/dL; it is recommended to use the lowest dose of ESA to increase the Hgb concentration to the lowest level sufficient to avoid the need for RBC transfusion1,19,26-28 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 5. Eligibility Period a. For patients receiving chemotherapy, ESAs should be discontinued following completion of a chemotherapy course1-3,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 6. Special Considerations for Oncology Indication1,19 a. Prescribing of ESAs for patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia is restricted to UW Heath prescribers who have completed training and are currently enrolled in the ESA APPRISE Oncology Program1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Approved prescribers must counsel each patient regarding risks of ESA therapy prior to new course1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Prescriber and patient must sign approved ESA APPRISE acknowledgement form (available from website) prior to initiation and administration of ESAs; a copy of the signed acknowledgement form must be made available in patient’s medical record and given to patient1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) d. Prior to each administration of an ESA, a medication guide should be distributed to the patient per product labeling1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Pediatric Use 1. Darbepoetin Indications and Dosing Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org a. Use of darbepoetin in pediatric patients is not indicated as safety and effectiveness have not been established19 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) 2. Epoetin Indications and Dosing a. Treatment of anemia in patients 5 to 18 years old due to concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) i. The starting dose of epoetin 600 units/kg intravenously weekly until completion of a chemotherapy course is recommended19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Anemia due to zidovudine in HIV-infected pediatric patients19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) i. The starting dose of epoetin 50 to 400 units/kg subcutaneously or intravenously 2 to 3 times per week is recommended19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Reduction of blood transfusions in pediatric patients with acute kidney injury30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) i. Use may be considered but effectiveness is not well established30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) ii. Initiation of therapy may be considered if Hgb is less than 10 g/dL30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) iii. No specific pediatric dosing recommendations are present with acute kidney injury; initial dosing strategies and dose adjustments may be based on anemia in chronic kidney disease17,30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) 3. See adult section for monitoring parameters, warnings/cautions and documentation requirements Companion Documents Anemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease – Adult – Inpatient/Ambulatory Clinical Practice Guideline Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org Scope Disease/Condition(s): Adult or pediatric non-nephrology patients requiring darbepoetin alfa or epoetin alfa Clinical Specialty: Hematology, Oncology, Hepatology, HIV, Pediatrics Intended Users: Physicians, Physician Assistants, Advanced Practice Nurses, Pharmacists CPG objective(s): To standardize and provide recommendations for the appropriate indications, use and monitoring for darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for adult and pediatric patients across UW Health Target Population: Adult or pediatric inpatient or ambulatory patients with indication for darbepoetin alfa or epoetin alfa therapy Interventions and Practices Considered: This guideline provides management recommendations for non-nephrology adult and pediatric patients requiring darbepoetin alfa or epoetin alfa in order to help standardize care in the inpatient and ambulatory setting Methodology Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence: Searches of electronic databases (e.g., national and international guidelines for darbepoetin and epoetin use and cancer and chemotherapy induced anemia) Methods Used to Assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence: Weighting according to rating scheme (scheme given below) Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence: A rating scheme must be used to indicate the strength of the evidence. Recommended rating systems include the GRADE system or the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) grading system. Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations: A modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) developed by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (Figure 1) have been used to assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence in this Clinical Practice Guideline1 Figure 1: Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Grading Matrix* Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org *Modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) developed by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence: National Guideline Reviews, Systemic Reviews, Expert Opinion Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations: See the “Rating Scheme for the Strength of Evidence.” Definitions (optional): 1. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA): Medications used to stimulate the production of red blood cells such as epoetin alfa (epoetin) and darbepoetin alfa (darbepoetin) Introduction Darbepoetin alfa (also referred to as darbepoetin) and erythropoietin alfa (also referred to as epoetin alfa or epoetin) are both synthetic, recombinant forms of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin and are hematopoietic agents that principally affect erythropoiesis (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or ESAs).2 Unlike transfusion which immediately boosts the hemoglobin level, ESAs can take weeks to elicit a response, but they are effective in maintaining a target hemoglobin level with repeated administration.2 Darbepoetin differs structurally from the endogenous hormone and epoetin by the addition of two carbohydrate chains. This structural modification results in a longer terminal half-life allowing darbepoetin to be less frequently administered. Possible benefits of ESAs include avoidance of blood transfusion; however risks in some disease states include thromboembolism, hypertension/seizures and possible increased mortality.2 Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org This guideline is intended to define the appropriate indications for use of ESAs at UWHC for non-nephrology patients, taking into consideration available clinical data on efficacy, cost to UWHC and reimbursement by third-party payers. A separate guideline is available that addresses the use of these two products in nephrology patients. Recommendations General Recommendations 1. Darbepoetin is the least costly, generally best-reimbursed, and most cost- effective agent for anemia management (compared to conventional epoetin) and the preferred agent 2. Epoetin is significantly more costly and is generally not as well reimbursed as darbepoetin, and therefore should be restricted to use under the following circumstances listed in this guideline Adult Use 1. Darbepoetin Indications a. Anemia due to chemotherapy in patients with non-myeloid malignancies1,2 (see Appendix A) i. The goal of ESA therapy for anemic cancer patients receiving concurrent chemotherapy is to reduce transfusion requirements and benefit should be weighed with the risk profile, including an increased incidence of thromboembolic reactions33,34 (Class IIa, Level of Evidence A) ii. Treatment goal is to maintain a stable Hgb concentration; lowest dose necessary should be used to avoid transfusions; a minimum of two additional months of planned chemotherapy is required1,2 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) iii. ESA therapy should not be prescribed for an improvement in quality of life (QOL) or improved cancer outcomes as available evidence does not support this1 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) iv. ESAs should not be used when anticipated outcome is cure as ESAs may promote tumor growth in an off-target manner2 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) v. Cancer patients not receiving active chemotherapy or undergoing radiation treatment should not receive ESAs as administration of ESAs in this patient population has offered no benefit and shortened time to death2 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) vi. Supplemental IV or oral iron supplementation should be administered when serum ferritin is <30 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is < 20%; supplemental IV or oral iron supplementation should be considered when serum ferritin is 30-800 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is 20-50%2 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)4-12 (see Appendix B) Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org i. ESAs may be considered for symptomatic patients with symptomatic anemia, as studies suggest ESAs may provide clinical benefit to patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome3 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence A) 1. Coexisting causes of anemia should be treated first, including replacement of iron, folate, vitamin B12 if needed; current standard of care for symptomatic patients is red blood cell (RBC) transfusion support3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Use of darbepoetin should be considered in patients who meet requirements for initiation3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) (see Appendix B): 1. Documented diagnosis of both low grade MDS and anemia 2. Low risk myelodysplasia with less than 5% blasts 3. Pretreatment erythropoietin levels ≤500 mU/mL 4. Hgb concentration < 10 g/dL c. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins i. Darbepoetin may be considered as some patients benefit from modest doses to support an increased rate of bone marrow RBC production13 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) d. Ribavirin-induced anemia i. Darbepoetin may be considered to avoid ribavirin dose adjustments that compromise antiviral activity, however no evidence exists ESAs improve sustained viral response14-16 (Class IIb, Class of Evidence C) e. Limitations of use i. Darbepoetin is not indicated for use:1 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) 1. In patients with cancer receiving hormonal agents, biological products, or radiotherapy; unless receiving concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy 2. In patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy when the anticipated outcome is cure 3. As a substitute for RBC transfusions in patients who require immediate correction of anemia 4. For reduction of RBC transfusion in patients scheduled for surgical procedures 2. Darbepoetin Dosing and Administration a. Anemia due to chemotherapy in patients with non-myeloid malignancies i. Targeted Hgb concentrations greater than 10 g/dL in oncology patients are not recommended1,2 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) ii. The lowest dose necessary should be used to avoid transfusions1 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) iii. Recommended starting dose and schedule1 (Class I, Level of Evidence A): Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org 1. Darbepoetin 2.25 mcg/kg subcutaneously every week until completion of chemotherapy course OR 2. Darbepoetin 500 mcg subcutaneously every three weeks until completion of chemotherapy course iv. Recommended dose adjustments are listed in Table 11 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Table 1: Darbepoetin Dose Adjustments for chemotherapy-associated anemia Dose Adjustment Weekly Schedule Every 3 Week Schedule  If Hgb increases greater than 1 g/dL in any 2-week period OR  If Hgb reaches a level needed to avoid RBC transfusion Reduce dose by 40% Reduce dose by 40% If Hgb exceeds a level needed to avoid RBC transfusion  Withhold dose until Hgb approaches a level where RBC transfusions may be required  Reinitiate at a dose 40% below the previous dose  Withhold dose until Hgb approaches a level where RBC transfusions may be required  Reinitiate at a dose 40% below the previous dose If Hgb increases by less than 1 g/dL and remains below 10 g/dL after 6 weeks of therapy Increase dose to 4.5 mcg/kg/week No dose adjustment  If there is no response as measured by Hgb levels or if RBC transfusions are still required after 8 weeks of therapy  Following completion of a chemotherapy course Discontinue darbepoetin Discontinue darbepoetin b. Myelodysplastic syndrome i. The starting dose of 150 to 300 mcg subcutaneously weekly is recommended3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Two months after initiating ESA therapy, a therapeutic response defined as an increase in clinically significant Hgb levels or a decrease in transfusion requirements must be documented to continue ESA treatment c. Ribavirin-induced anemia i. Darbepoetin may be considered to avoid ribavirin dose adjustments that compromise antiviral activity, however no Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org evidence exists ESAs improve sustained viral response14-16 (Class IIb, Class of Evidence C) 1. During the first two weeks of ribavirin treatment, darbepoetin may be used for hemoglobin declines of > 2 g/dL or for hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, before ribavirin dose adjustment is attempted 2. Between weeks 2 and 12 of ribavirin treatment, darbepoetin may be used for hemoglobin < 10 g/dL before ribavirin dose adjustment is attempted 3. After 12 weeks of ribavirin therapy, ribavirin dose adjustment should be attempted as an initial response to hemoglobin value < 10 g/dL; if hemoglobin values do not respond to a ribavirin dose adjustment and hemoglobin remains < 10 g/dL, darbepoetin should be initiated 4. Cardiac patients may require earlier darbepoetin initiation or more aggressive darbepoetin dosing 3. Epoetin Indications a. Anemia due to chemotherapy in patients with non-myeloid malignancies i. Epoetin is indicated in patients with non-myeloid malignancies where anemia is due to the effect of concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy, however darbepoetin therapy is preferred due to cost17 (see General Recommendations) (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Myelodysplastic syndrome3-12,18 i. Epoetin is indicated in patients with low risk MDS, however darbepoetin therapy is preferred due to cost17 (see General Recommendations) (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Anemia due to zidovudine in HIV-infected patients i. Epoetin therapy is only recommended for HIV-infected patients with measured endogenous serum erythropoietin levels ≤ 500 mUnits/mL and receiving zidovudine doses of 4,200 mg or less per week; at initiation of therapy, Hgb concentration must be less than 10 g/dL2,3,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) d. Religious beliefs prohibiting blood transfusions (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) i. Elective surgical patients who decline blood-derived products because of religious beliefs, epoetin may be used if clinically indicated (i.e., anticipated blood loss, etc.) as several cases have been reported where recombinant human erythropoietin has been successfully administered to critically ill Jehovah’s Witnesses; however time to start of treatment, dosages, route of administration and treatment duration varied widely among case reports; thus if clinically indicated a standardized dosing regimen may be considered25 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C)25 4. Epoetin Dosing and Administration Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org a. Zidovudine-treated HIV-infected patients i. The starting dose of 100 units/kg subcutaneously three times weekly is recommended19(Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Prior to starting epoetin therapy, an endogenous serum erythropoietin level should be drawn as patients with levels > 500 mUnits/mL are unlikely to respond to epoetin therapy35 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) iii. Dose Adjustments 1. If Hgb does not increase after 8 weeks of therapy, recommend increasing epoetin dose by approximately 50 to 100 Units/kg at 4 to 8 week intervals until Hgb reaches a level needed to avoid RBC transfusions or 300 Units/kg19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 2. Withholding epoetin if Hgb exceeds 12 g/dL is indicated; recommend resuming therapy at a dose 25% below the previous dose when Hgb declines to less than 11 g/dL19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 3. No added clinical benefit has been demonstrated if epoetin doses exceed 300 units/kg three times weekly; epoetin should be discontinued if an increase in Hgb is not achieved at a dose of 300 units/kg three times weekly for 8 weeks19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 5. Monitoring Parameters a. Iron Status i. Evaluate iron status in all patients before and during treatment and maintain iron repletion1,2,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Goals of therapy for ESAs include serum ferritin ≥ 100 ng/mL and transferrin saturation is ≥ 20% saturation1 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Blood Pressure i. Blood pressure should be controlled prior to initiating ESA therapy and monitor periodically during therapy 1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Hemoglobin i. Hemoglobin should be monitored weekly until it has stabilized and maintenance dose has been established1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. After an adjustment in dose, Hgb should be monitored weekly for at least four weeks until stabilized; following stabilization Hgb may be monitored monthly1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) iii. Targeted Hgb concentrations should not exceed 10 g/dL in oncology patients as adverse outcomes have been noted in trials when Hgb concentrations exceed 12 g/dL; clinical trial data evaluating patients with head and neck cancer documented accelerated tumor progression with ESA therapy compared to placebo36 and a subsequent trial Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org evaluating metastatic breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy noted an increase in mortality due to disease progression and decreased overall survival37 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) iv. Lack or loss of hemoglobin response 1. Initiate a search for causative factors causing refractoriness prior to increasing dose, including: infection, inflammatory processes, occult blood loss, hemolysis or severe aluminum toxicity1-3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 2. In absence of another etiology, the patient should be evaluated for evidence of pure red cell aplasia and serum should be tested for the presence of antibody to recombinant erythropoietins1-3 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 6. Warnings/Cautions a. ESAs increase the risk for death, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, thrombosis of vascular access and tumor progression or recurrence, particularly when administered to target a Hgb of >12 g/dL thus it is recommended to use the lowest dose of ESA that will gradually increase the Hgb concentration to the lowest level sufficient to avoid the need for RBC transfusion1,19,26-28 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Given use of ESAs in cancer patients has shortened overall survival and/or increased risk of tumor progression in patients with advanced head and neck, breast, non-small cell lung, and cervical cancers when administered to target a Hgb of >12 g/dL, ESAs should not be used for the treatment of anemia in cancer patients other than those with non-myeloid malignancies where anemia is due to the effect of concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy1,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. ESAs are contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension as approximately 40% of patients required initiation or intensification of antihypertensive therapy during early phase of treatment and hypertensive encephalopathy and seizures have been reported; ESAs may need to be reduced or withheld if blood pressure is difficult to control and patients should be advised regarding importance of compliance with antihypertensive therapy1,19,26 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 7. Eligibility Period a. For patients receiving chemotherapy, ESAs should be discontinued following completion of a chemotherapy course1-3,19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 8. Special Considerations for Oncology Indication1,19 a. Prescribing of ESAs for patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia is restricted to UW Heath prescribers who have completed training and are currently enrolled in the ESA APPRISE Oncology Program1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org b. Approved prescribers must counsel each patient regarding risks of ESA therapy prior to new course1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Prescriber and patient must sign approved ESA APPRISE acknowledgement form (available from website) prior to initiation and administration of ESAs; a copy of the signed acknowledgement form must be made available in patient’s medical record and given to patient1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) d. Prior to each administration of an ESA, a medication guide should be distributed to the patient per product labeling1,19,29 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) Pediatric Use 1. Darbepoetin Indications a. Use of darbepoetin in pediatric patients is not indicated as safety and effectiveness have not been established19 (Class III, Level of Evidence A) 2. Epoetin Indications a. Treatment of anemia in patients 5 to 18 years old due to concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) b. Anemia due to zidovudine in HIV-infected pediatric patients based off increases in Hgb levels and decreases in blood transfusions19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) c. Reduction of blood transfusions in pediatric patients with acute kidney injury30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) i. Pediatric nephrology service should be consulted for use in this population30-32 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. Use may be considered but effectiveness is not well established30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) iii. Continuation of therapy after resolution of renal insufficiency is not recommended as it exposes the patient to unnecessary risks of drug adverse effects and increases the cost of therapy30-32 (Class III, Level of Evidence C) iv. Patients should be evaluated for the need for epoetin on a daily basis and upon hospital discharge based on Hgb, serum creatinine, urine output and renal function30-32 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 3. Epoetin Dosing and Administration a. Pediatric cancer patients (5 to 18 years) receiving chemotherapy i. The starting dose of epoetin 600 units/kg intravenously weekly until completion of a chemotherapy course is recommended19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. The following dose adjustments are recommended17 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 1. If Hgb does not increase by >1 g/dL and remains <10 g/dL after initial 4 weeks; increase to 900 units/kg/dose (maximum dose: 60,000 units) Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org 2. If Hgb exceeds a level needed to avoid RBC transfusion: Withhold dose; resume treatment with a 25% dose reduction when Hgb approaches a level where transfusions may be required 3. If Hgb increases >1 g/dL in any 2-week period or Hgb reaches a level sufficient to avoid RBC transfusion; reduce dose by 25% 4. Discontinue after 8 weeks of treatment if RBC transfusions are still required or there is no Hgb response b. Pediatric patients with HIV infection receiving zidovudine i. The starting dose of epoetin 50 to 400 units/kg subcutaneously or intravenously 2 to 3 times per week is recommended19 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) ii. The following dose adjustments are recommended17 (Class I, Level of Evidence A) 1. Withhold dose if Hgb exceeds 12 g/dL, may resume treatment with a 25% dose reduction once Hgb <11 g/dL; titrate to minimum effective dose to maintain a Hgb sufficient to avoid RBC transfusions c. Reduction of blood transfusions in patients with acute kidney injury i. Initiation of therapy may be considered if Hgb is less than 10 g/dL30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) ii. No specific pediatric dosing recommendations are present with acute kidney injury; initial dosing strategies and dose adjustments may be based on anemia in chronic kidney disease; reduce or interrupt treatment if Hgb approaches or exceeds 11 g/dL17,30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) iii. It is not recommended to continue epoetin beyond resolution of renal insufficiency or in admitted patients with Hgb >12 g/dL regardless of renal function30-32 (Class III, Level of Evidence C) iv. Epoetin alfa may be discontinued once acute kidney injury has resolved and renal function has returned to baseline30-32 (Class IIb, Level of Evidence C) 4. See adult section for monitoring parameters, warnings/cautions and documentation requirements Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org Consider anemia of chronic inflammation or due to myelosuppressive chemotherapy Cancer Patient Hgb ≤ 10 g/dL or ≥2 g/dL below baseline Titrate ESA dose to maintain lowest Hb level sufficient to avoid transfusion (see Dosing and Administration) Measure Hbg at least weekly until it has stabilized and maintenance dose established Targeted hemoglobin concentrations should not exceed 10 g/dL in oncology patients and 12 g/dL for all other indications Initiate ESA Therapy Observe Iron Stores - Achieve and maintain  Ferritin ≥ 100 ng/mL  Transferrin Saturation ≥ 20% ESA Therapy; Risk - Benefit consideration: May be considered for patient on an active chemotherapy regimens (or within 8 weeks of completing chemotherapy) for a non myeloid malignancy for non-curative intent Not receiving chemotherapy or receiving chemotherapy with curative intent  ESAs are not approved and are not recommended for use in this patient population  Clinical trials have demonstrated that ESAs negatively impact cancer treatment outcomes and have been shown to increase mortality in this patient population Appendix A: ESA Algorithm for the Treatment of Anemia in Cancer Patients Initiate anemia evaluation (CBC with indices, peripheral smear, etc.) Evaluate for other sources of anemia (bleeding, hemolysis, iron deficiency, renal involvement etc.) and treat as indicated No Cause Identified Treat as indicated Asymptomatic without significant comorbidities Asymptomatic with comorbidites or high risk (CAD, chronic pulmonary disease, cerebral vascular disease, progressive decline in Hb with recent intensive chemotherapy or radiation Symptomatic (sustained tachycardia, tachypnea, chest pain, syncope, severe fatigue preventing work and usual activity) Red blood cell transfusion per guidelines Consider red blood cell transfusion per guidelines Transfusion goal Hb 8-10 g/dL as needed to prevent symptoms Symptomatic anemia (tachycardia, tachypnea) Acute coronary symptoms or acute MI Transfusion goal Hb ≥ 10 g/dL Trasfusion goal Hb 7-9 g/dL for asymptomatic hemodynamically stable cancer patients without acute coronary syndrome Periodic re-valuation (interval dependent upon myelosuppressive potential and other patient specific characteristics Appendix A: ESA Algorithm: Treatment of Anemia in Adult Cancer Patients Modified from NCCN Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia Guidelines V.2.2015 Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org MDS with symptomatic anemia Treat coexisting causes, replace iron, folate, vitamin B12 if necessary. Red blood cell transfusion support (standard of care) < 15% ringed sideroblasts and serum EPO ≤ 500 mU/mL Epoetin 40,000 - 60,000 units 1-3x per week subcutaneously OR Darbepoetin 150-300 mcg/week subcutaneously Consider adding G-CSF 1-2 mcg/kg 1-3x per week subcutaneously Decrease dose to tolerance Refer to NCCN guidelines for MDS Low INT-1 (MDS-10) ≥ 15% ringed sideroblasts and serum EPO ≤ 500 mU/mL Epoetin 40,000 - 60,000 units 1-3x per week subcutaneously plus G-CSF 1-2 mcg/kg 1-3x per week subcutaneously OR Darbepoetin 150-300 mcg/week subcutaneously plus G-CSF 1-2 mcg/kg 1-3x per week subcutaneously Decrease dose to tolerance Refer to NCCN guidelines for MDS Low INT-1 (MDS-10) Response No ResponseNo response despite adequate iron stores Response No Response Continue ESA, decrease dose to tolerance Response Appendix B: Algorithm for the Treatment of Symptomatic Anemia in Adult Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome Modified from NCCN MDS Guidelines V. 2.2015 Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org UW Health Implementation Potential Benefits: This guideline has been developed based on best evidence based recommendations. By implementing the parameters set forth in the guideline, non-nephrology adult and pediatric patients will receive ESAs appropriately and safely. Potential Harms: Side effects and adverse events associated with various medical/drug treatments. Implementation Tools/Plan 1. Guideline will be housed on UConnect in a dedicated folder for Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2. Links to this guideline will be created in appropriate HealthLink or equivalent tools. 3. Pharmacists will be educated about these guidelines via department inservices. Disclaimer CPGs are described to assist clinicians by providing a framework for the evaluation and treatment of patients. This Clinical Practice Guideline outlines the preferred approach for most patients. It is not intended to replace a clinician’s judgment or to establish a protocol for all patients. It is understood that some patients will not fit the clinical condition contemplated by a guideline and that a guideline will rarely establish the only appropriate approach to a problem. References 1. Darbepoetin (Aranesp) Package Insert. Amgen Inc. Revised May 2012. 2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.The NCCN Cancer and Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Available at: http://www.nccn.org. Version 2.2015. Accessed [October 1, 2014]. 3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.The NCCN Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Available at: http://www.nccn.org. Version 1.2015. Accessed [November 1, 2014]. 4. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Italian Cooperative Study Group for rHuEpo in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Br J Haematol 1998;103:1070-4. 5. Clavio M, Nobili F, Balleari E, et al. Quality of life and brain function following high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a preliminary report. Eur J Haematol 2004;72:113-20. 6. Hast R, Wallvik J, Folin A, Bernell P, Stenke L. Long-term follow-up of 18 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes responding to recombinant erythropoietin treatment. Leuk Res 2001;25:13-8. Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org 7. Musto P, Falcone A, Sanpaolo G, et al. Efficacy of a single, weekly dose of recombinant erythropoietin in myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 2003;122:269- 71. 8. Spiriti MA, Latagliata R, Niscola P, et al. Impact of a new dosing regimen of epoetin alfa on quality of life and anemia in patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Ann Hematol 2005;84:167-76. 9. Stasi R, Brunetti M, Bussa S, et al. Response to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:733- 9. 10. Stasi R, Brunetti M, Terzoli E, Abruzzese E, Amadori S. Once-weekly dosing of recombinant human erythropoietin alpha in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes unresponsive to conventional dosing. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1684-90. 11. Terpos E, Mougiou A, Kouraklis A, et al. Prolonged administration of erythropoietin increases erythroid response rate in myelodysplastic syndromes: a phase II trial in 281 patients. Br J Haematol 2002;118:174-80. 12. The NCCN Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (Version 1.2007). © 2007 National Comprehensive Cancer Network I. Available at: http://www.nccn.org. Accessed [June 7, 2007]. To view the most recent and complete version of the guideline, go online to www.nccn.org. 13. Gertz MA. Management of cold haemolytic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2007; 138(4):422-9. 14. Afdhal NH, Dieterich DT, Pockros PJ, et al. Epoetin alfa maintains ribavirin dose in HCV-infected patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1302-11. 15. Del Rio RA, Post AB, Singer ME. Cost-effectiveness of hematologic growth factors for anemia occurring during hepatitis C combination therapy. Hepatology 2006;44:1598-606. 16. Dieterich DT, Wasserman R, Brau N, et al. Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2491-9. 17. Epoetin alfa monograph. Pediatric and Neonatal Lexi-Drugs. Accessed November 14, 2014. 18. Jadersten M, Malcovati L, Dybedal I, et al. Erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment associated with improved survival in myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3607-13. 19. Epoetin alfa (Epogen) Package Insert. Amgen Inc. Revised May 2012. 20. Christodoulakis M, Tsiftsis DD. Preoperative epoetin alfa in colorectal surgery: a randomized, controlled study. Ann Surg Oncol 2005;12:718-25. 21. Feagan BG, Wong CJ, Kirkley A, et al. Erythropoietin with iron supplementation to prevent allogeneic blood transfusion in total hip joint arthroplasty. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:845-54. 22. Hardwick ME, Morris BM, Colwell CW, Jr. Two-dose epoetin alfa reduces blood transfusions compared with autologous donation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:240-4. 23. Qvist N, Boesby S, Wolff B, Hansen CP. Recombinant human erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentration at operation and during the postoperative period: reduced need for blood transfusions in patients undergoing colorectal surgery--prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study. World J Surg 1999;23:30-5. 24. Weber EW, Slappendel R, Hemon Y, et al. Effects of epoetin alfa on blood transfusions and postoperative recovery in orthopaedic surgery: the European Epoetin Alfa Surgery Trial (EEST). Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:249-57. Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org 25. Ball AM, Winstead PS. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in critically ill Jehovah's Witnesses. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28:1383-90. 26. Tonia T, Mettler A, Robert N, et al. Erythropoietin or darbepoetin for patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:Cd003407. 27. Bennett CL, Silver SM, Djulbegovic B, et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. Jama 2008;299:914-24. 28. Grant MD, Piper M, Bohlius J, et al. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Epoetin and Darbepoetin for Managing Anemia in Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment: Comparative Effectiveness Update. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013. 29. https://www.esa-apprise.com/ESAAppriseUI/ESAAppriseUI/default.jsp. 30. Pape L, Ahlenstiel T, Kreuzer M, et al. Early erythropoietin reduced the need for red blood cell transfusion in childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome: a randomized prospective pilot trial. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1061-4. 31. Balestracci A, Martin SM, Toledo I, Alvarado C, Wainsztein RE. Early erythropoietin in post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case-control study. Pediatr Nephrol 2014. 32. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM, et al. Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1999;27:2346-50. 33. Vansteenkiste J, Pirker R, Massuti B, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of darbepoetin alfa in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1211-20. 34. Vansteenkiste J, Tomita D, Rossi G, Pirker R. Darbepoetin alfa in lung cancer patients on chemotherapy: a retrospective comparison of outcomes in patients with mild versus moderate-to-severe anaemia at baseline. Support Care Cancer 2004;12:253-62. 35. Henry DH, Beall GN, Benson CA, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy. Overview of four clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:739-48. 36. Henke M, Laszig R, Rube C, et al. Erythropoietin to treat head and neck cancer patients with anaemia undergoing radiotherapy: randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:1255-60. 37. Leyland-Jones B, Semiglazov V, Pawlicki M, et al. Maintaining normal hemoglobin levels with epoetin alfa in mainly nonanemic patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: a survival study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5960-72. Copyright © 2015 University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority Contact: Lee Vermeulen, CCKM@uwhealth.org Last Revised: 07/2015CCKM@uwhealth.org